‘They are playing football,
he said
|
He said that
they were playing football
|
‘I’ll pay you the day
after tomorrow’, Jim said
|
Jim said that
he would pay us/them two days after
|
‘I don’t eat fish’, Jane
said
|
Jane said that
she didn’t eat fish
|
‘Where are the books which
I lent you?’, he asked me
|
He asked me
where the books which I lent you were
|
‘Have you ever travelled
to
|
I asked him if
he had ever travelled to
|
‘They have brought this
parcel today’, they said
|
They said that
they had brought that parcel that day
|
‘Can you read English
newspapers?’, he asked her
|
He asked her
if she could read English newspapers
|
‘Please don’t be late’ she
said to her sister
|
She asked her
sister not to be late
|
‘Did Mary pass the driving
test?’ my brother asked me
|
My brother
asked me if Mary had passed the driving test
|
‘They will finish tomorrow’
my mother said to us
|
My mother told
us that they would finish the following day/the day after/the next day
|
‘They do what they are
told to’, he said
|
He said that
they did what they were told to
|
‘He has never read a
complete book’, he said to me
|
He told me
that he had never read a complete book
|
‘When did you leave school?’,
he asked me
|
He asked me
when I had left school
|
‘They have discovered
water in the moon’, the news said
|
The news said
that they had discovered water …
|
‘I met Mary’s sister three
years ago’, she said
|
She said that
she had met Mary’s sister 3 years before
|
‘I was in
|
He said that
he had been in
|
‘My son won a prize the
day before yesterday’, Susan said
|
Susan said
that her son had won a prize 2 days before
|
‘Don’t do what you are
doing’, she said to me
|
She told me
not to do what I was doing
|
‘Please don’t smoke
here!’, he said to me
|
He asked me
not to smoke there
|
‘I’ve had an argument with my husband’, the policewoman said to me |
The policewoman told me that she had
had an argument with her husband
|
IES PACO MOLLA ENGLISH DEPARTMENT. PETRER (SPAIN)
miércoles, 2 de mayo de 2012
martes, 17 de abril de 2012
El Estilo Indirecto
Introducción General
Oraciones Enunciativas (Statements)
Oraciones Interrogativas (Questions)
Órdenes y Peticiones (Orders and requests)
Introducción :¿Qué es el Estilo Indirecto ?
Hay dos maneras o estilos de reproducir lo que otras personas han dicho. Si lo hacemos textualmente
“Go home”, my father told me | “Vete a casa”, me dijo mi padre |
estaremos empleando el estilo directo ; si, por el contrario, relatamos lo que otros han dicho con nuestras propias palabras, estaremos utilizando el estilo indirecto
My father told me to go home | Mi padre me dijo que me fuera a casa |
La dificultad que presenta el estilo indirecto respecto al estilo directo, estriba en que en el primero se han de dar una serie de transformaciones en pronombres, adverbios y verbos y en el segundo, dado que se trata de una mera reproducción textual, esto no ocurre.
En el estilo indirecto, si el verbo introductorio o de expresión está en presente, los tiempos verbales no experimentarán cambio alguno,
Estilo Directo | He says, “I am very tired” | Él dice : “Estoy cansado” |
Estilo Indirecto | He says that he is very tired | Él dice que está cansado |
Si el verbo introductorio viene en pasado, se dará un paso atrás en el tiempo verbal (backshift), es decir, el presente se convierte en pasado, el pasado en past perfect,etc.
Estilo Directo | He said, “I am very tired” | He said that he was very tired |
Estilo Indirecto | Él dijo : “Estoy cansado” | Él dijo que estaba cansado |
A pesar de las dificultades arriba mencionadas, el uso del estilo indirecto en inglés y en castellano es muy similar, es decir, la correspondencia sintáctica, en general, y verbal, en particular, es casi total. De este modo, si sabemos conjugar todos los tiempos del inglés y sabemos hacer las transformaciones correspondientes de estilo directo a estilo indirecto en nuestro propio idioma, tenemos gran parte del camino andado y el reported speech resulta ser solamente un ejercicio de lógica.
2) Oraciones Enunciativas (Statements)
Con las oraciones enunciativas utilizaremos los verbos say or tell[1] seguidos de una oración introducida por la conjunción that
“I’m studying hard”, he told me | He told me that he was studying hard |
She said, “My name is Ann” | She said that her name was Ann |
Como ya hemos indicado en el apartado anterior el uso del estilo indirecto conlleva una serie de transformaciones que ahora pasamos a detallar :
2.a Cambios en los tiempos verbales
En la oración de estilo indirecto el verbo sufrirá un paso atrás hacia el pasado (backshift)
Estilo Directo | Estilo Indirecto |
Present Simple (He likes) | Past Simple (He liked) |
Present Continuous ( He is dancing) | Past Continuous (He was dancing) |
Past Simple (He liked) | Past Perfect (He had liked) |
Future Simple (He will like) | Conditional (He would like) |
‘Going to’ future (He is going to like) | ‘was/were’ going to (He was going to like) |
Can (He can dance) | Could (He could dance) |
Could (He could dance) | Had been able to (He had been able to dance |
Must ( He must study) | Had to (He had to study) |
May (It may rain) | Might (It might rain) |
2.b Cambios en pronombres y determinantes personales
Por norma general, los pronombres y determinantes pasan a tercera persona.
I | he, she |
You | they |
We | they |
Me | him, her |
Us | them |
My | his, her |
Your | their |
Our | their |
Mine | his, hers |
Ours | theirs |
This | that |
These | those |
Hemos de tener en cuenta que en frases en las cuales el verbo introductorio lleve un pronombre de primera persona como objeto y, en la oración directa aparezca uno de segunda persona , éste pasará a primera persona en la oración indirecta resultante :
“You are making me angry”, he told me | He told me that I was making him angry |
2.c Cambios en otras palabras :
Here | there |
Now | then |
Ago | before |
Today | that day |
Tonight | that night |
Tomorrow | the next day, the day after, the following day |
Yesterday | the previous day, the day before |
De todas maneras, estas transformaciones no son siempre automáticas. Por ejemplo :
“I saw him yesterday”, he said
puede transformarse en varias, dependiendo del momento en que lo dijo :
He said he had seen him the day before
He said he had seen him yesterday
He said he saw him yesterday
EXERCISES
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/statements.htm
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/statements2.htm
3) Oraciones Interrogativas (Questions)
Las oraciones interrogativas indirectas tienen una estructura diferente a las enunciativas. En primer lugar, el verbo introductorio ya no es say ni tell sino ask. En segundo lugar, la oración interrogativa no vendrá introducida por that, sino por una partícula de wh- en el caso de las wh-questions, o por if si se trata de una yes-no question.
“What time is it?”, he said to me | He asked me what time it was |
“Are you playing football tomorrow ?, he said to me | He asked me if I was playing football the next day |
Como podemos observar el orden de la interrogativa indirecta es el mismo que el de la enunciativa. Por otro lado, los cambios sintácticos indicados en el apartado anterior son válidos para este.
EXERCISES
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/questions.htm
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/questions2.htm
4) Órdenes y Peticiones (Orders and requests)
Entenderemos por orden directa aquel imperativo que no venga suavizado por un please o will you ?. El verbo introductorio para las órdenes indirectas será tell pero tendremos que tener en cuenta que la estructura será totalmente distinta a la que tell lleva en la enunciativa :
tell+obj (nombre o pronombre objeto)+ to + infinitivo |
“Stand up”, he told me | He told me to stand up |
En el caso de las peticiones indirectas el verbo introductorio que se debe utilizar es ask. Sin embargo, y al igual que ocurría con tell en las ordenes indirectas, la estructura que sigue a ask en este caso es muy diferente a la que ask lleva en las oraciones interrogativas indirectas :
ask + obj (nombre o pronombre objeto) + to + infinitivo |
“Could you repeat ?, please”, he said | He asked me to repeat |
EXERCISES
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/exercises/reported_speech/commands.htm
5) Otros verbos introductorios:
Hasta ahora nos hemos centrado en tres verbos introductorios que, con ciertas variaciones sintácticas, son los básicos. Sin embargo, en muchas ocasiones hay verbos que son mucho más descriptivos que los arriba mencionados y más que transmitir las palabras de otros hemos de expresar sus ideas. Si en la frase vemos que está implícita la idea de consejo (should, ought to, if I were you...) utilizaríamos advise. Si, por ejemplo vemos que se trata de un ofrecimiento (shall/will) emplearíamos offer. El uso de estos verbos implicaría normalmente una transformación sintactica ya que explain interrupt demand insist admit complain warn offer refuse order invite remind beg advise van seguidos de infinitivo o de objeto+infinitivo; 'suggest', por el contrario, iría seguido de gerundio.
EJEMPLOS
to add | |
“And what is more, I am tired”, he said | He added that he was tired |
to advise | |
“If I were you, I’d phone Lil”, Phil said to Chucky | Phil advised Chucky to phone Lil |
to announce | |
“Letizia and I are getting married in May” Prince Philip said | Prince Philip announced that he was getting married in May |
to admit | |
“Ok, I took the money.”, he said | He admitted taking/having taken the money/He admitted that he had taken the money |
to beg | |
“Please, please don’t tell my father”, he said | He begged me not to tell his father |
to complain | |
“My soup is cold”, John said | John complained that his soup was cold |
to declare | |
“ | JFK declared that |
to deny | |
“I didn’t break the window,” he said | He denied breaking the window |
to explain | |
“I’ve taken an aspirin because I have a headache”, John said | John explained that he had taken an aspirin because he had a headache |
to insist | |
“I’ve already told you twice. I’ll pay!” he said | He insisted on paying |
to invite | |
“Would you like to come to my party?” Janet said to Julia | Janet invited Julia to her party |
to offer | |
“I’ll help you with your homework” , George said to Bill | George offered to help Bill with his homework. |
to promise | |
“I’ll tidy my room this evening” John said | John promised to tidy his room that evening |
to refuse | |
“I don’t want to shake hands with Sean” Jack said | Jack refused to shake hands with Shean |
to remind | |
“Don’t forget to lock the door!” they said to me | They reminded me to lock the door |
to suggest | |
“Why don’t you write her a letter”, Sam said | Sam suggested writing a letter |
to threaten | |
“If you don’t pay the ransom at once, I’ll kill your daughter” The kidnappers said | The kidnappers threatened to kill their daughter if they didn’t pay the ransom at once- |
[1] El verbo say se utiliza cuando simplemente decimos algo (no decimos a quién). El verbo tell, sin
embargo, ha de utilizarse cuando decimos a quién decimos algo,
He said that he was happy to see me
He told me that he was going to buy a new car